降雨变化对荒漠草原植物群落多样性与土壤C:N:P生态化学计量特征的影响

研究降雨格局变化对植物群落多样性、土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征的影响,以及关键土壤因子与植物群落多样性间的关系,对于荒漠草原植物群落多样性的保护具有重要意义.本文以黄土高原西部荒漠草原为研究对象,通过3 a野外降雨控制试验（减少40%降雨、减少20%降雨、自然降雨、增加20%降雨和增加40%降雨）,探讨干湿年份下降雨变化对植物群落多样性及其土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征的影响,以及降雨变化下土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征及关键土壤因子与植物群落多样性的关系.结果表明,在正常年份与偏干年份（2013年与2015年）,Patrick丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别以减雨20%处理显著低于对照和增雨40%处理,在偏湿年份（2014年）,Patrick丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数对降雨处理无显著差异.在正常年份与偏干年份,随降雨量的增加土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、碳氮比（C：N）、碳磷比（C：P）和氮磷比（N：P）呈降低趋势,其中,C：N显著降低;在偏湿年份,随降雨量增加土壤SOC、TN、C：P和N：P呈上升趋势.在正常年份,降雨处理对土壤含水量影响不显著,导致土壤含水量对植物群落影响有限,SOC、TN、N：P、C：N和微生物量氮（MBN）对植物群落多样性的影响更为突出;在偏湿年份,年降雨量丰富,降雨量增加导致土壤养分上升,水分不是限制植物生长的最重要因素,土壤含水量、土壤养分与生态化学计量特征共同调节和控制着植物群落多样性;在偏干年份,降雨处理对土壤含水影响显著,且降雨量增加导致土壤养分流失较多,因此,土壤含水量成为影响植物群落多样性的最主要因素.由此可知,在不同干湿年份,植物群落多样性与土壤C：N：P生态化学计量特征对降雨变化的响应不同;土壤C：N：P对植物群落多样性的影响也不同,本文的研究结果旨在为未来降雨变化下荒漠草原的保护与管理提供一定的理论依据.     

河南信阳市近62年来极端气温变化特征及周期分析

通过对河南省信阳市每日气温资料的搜集和整理,运用线性拟合及累积距平、Morlet复数小波等方法对WMO发布的10种极端气温指数进行了计算和分析。研究了信阳地区近62年来极端气温变化特征及周期性。结果表明,近62年来信阳地区的极端最高气温几乎没有变化,极端最低气温在波动变化中有小幅上升趋势,夏日、热夜、暖夜天数呈现波动上升,冰日、霜日、冷夜、冷日天数呈下降趋势。极端最高气温、极端最低气温、冷夜、暖夜、冷日、暖日都存在35 a左右的周期。夏日、冰日、热夜、霜日存在37 a左右周期。冰日的变化存在着5个左右的周期,极端最低气温、冷日与冷夜的变化存在4个左右的周期。其中极端最低气温、霜日、冰日、冷夜、冷日、暖夜都有5 a以下的周期。冷夜和暖夜、冷日和暖日、夏日和冰日以及热夜和霜夜存在负相关的关系,其中冷夜和暖夜以及热夜和霜日的变化幅度较大,它们之间有负相关关系。冷日和暖日以及夏日和冰日的变化较小,负相关的关系不太明显。总体来说,近60年来,信阳地区极端天气热指数呈上升趋势,极端天气冷指数呈下降趋势,整体气温呈现上升的趋势,其中近二十年气温上升更明显。     

Validation of the stomatal flux approach for the assessment of ozone visible injury in young forest trees. Results from the TOP (transboundary ozone pollution) experiment at Curno, Italy

This paper summarises some of the main results of a two-year experiment carried out in an Open-Top Chambers facility in Northern Italy. Seedlings of Populus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior have been subjected to different ozone treatments (charcoal-filtered and non-filtered air) and soil moisture regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated plots). Stomatal conductance models were applied and parameterised under South Alpine environmental conditions and stomatal ozone fluxes have been calculated.The flux-based approach provided a better performance than AOT40 in predicting the onset of foliar visible injuries. Critical flux levels, related to visible leaf injury, are proposed for P. nigra and F. sylvatica (ranging between 30 and 33 mmol O₃ m⁻²). Soil water stress delayed visible injury appearance and development by limiting ozone uptake. Data from charcoal-filtered treatments suggest the existence of an hourly flux threshold, below which may occur a complete ozone detoxification.     

Radionuclides in marine mammals off the Portuguese coast

Radionuclide analyses were performed in tissue samples including muscle, gonad, liver, mammary gland, and bone of marine mammals stranded on the Portuguese west coast during January-July 2006. Tissues were collected from seven dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Stenella coeruleoalba) and one pilot whale (Globicephala sp.). Samples were analyzed for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb by alpha spectrometry and for ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K by gamma spectrometry. Po-210 concentrations in common dolphin’s muscle (D. delphis) averaged 56 ± 32 Bq kg⁻¹ wet weight (w.w.), while ²¹⁰Pb averaged 0.17 ± 0.07 Bq kg⁻¹ w.w., ¹³⁷Cs averaged 0.29 ± 0.28 Bq kg⁻¹ w.w., and ⁴⁰K 129 ± 48 Bq kg⁻¹ w.w. Absorbed radiation doses due to these radionuclides for the internal organs of common dolphins were computed and attained a 1.50 μGy h⁻¹ on a whole body basis. ²¹⁰Po was the main contributor to the weighted absorbed dose, accounting for 97% of the dose from internally accumulated radionuclides. These computed radiation doses in dolphins are compared to radiation doses from ²¹⁰Po and other radionuclides reported for human tissues. Due to the high ²¹⁰Po activity concentration in dolphins, the internal radiation dose in these marine mammals is about three orders of magnitude higher than in man.     

Ozone Deposition to a Coniferous and Deciduous Forest in the Czech Republic

Estimates of ozone concentration and deposition flux to coniferous and deciduous forest in the Czech Republic on a 1 × 1 km grid during growing season (April–September) of the year 2001 are presented. Ozone deposition flux was derived from ozone concentrations in the atmosphere and from its deposition velocities. To quantify the spatial pattern in surface concentrations at 1 km resolution incorporating topography, empirical methods are used. The procedure maps ozone concentrations from the period of the day when measurements are representative for the forest areas of countryside. The effects of boundary layer stability are quantified using the observed relationship between the diurnal variability of surface ozone concentration and altitude. Ozone deposition velocities were calculated according to a multiple resistance model incorporating aerodynamic resistance (R _a ), laminar layer resistance (R _b ) and surface resistance (R _c ). Surface resistance (R _c ) comprises stomatal resistance (R _sto ). R _sto was calculated with respect to global radiation, surface air temperature and land cover. Modelled total and stomatal ozone fluxes are compared with the maps describing equivalent values of AOT40 (accumulated exposure over threshold of 40 ppb). For forests, the critical level (9,000 ppbh May–July daylight hours) is exceeded over 50% of forested territory. This indicates the potential for effects on large areas of forest. There is significiant correspondence between the exposure index AOT40 and the total ozone flux, but the relation between the total ozone flux and AOT40 exposure index is not clear in all parts of the forest territory.     

环渤海地区500年来的旱涝变化及其区域分异

用研究区１４７０～１９８５年的旱涝等级资料,划分了该地区５００年来旱涝变化的７个阶段,讨论了不同阶段间旱涝型的变化及其旱涝型区域分异意义。结果表明,５００年来研究区有４类主要旱涝型,各型旱涝在不同阶段的重要程度及场型特征有较大差异,深刻反映了该地区５００年来旱涝区域分异特征的变化。通过对５００年来旱涝变化与温度变化的对比发现,较温暖期,研究区的旱涝型及旱涝区域分异格局较多变,旱涝变化的区域差异性较     

Variations and trends of ground-level ozone and AOT40 in the rural areas of Lithuania

The analysis of data of the ground-level ozone concentration and accumulated ozone exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) in the rural areas of Lithuania is presented. Trends in the annual ozone mean, 95{th} and 25{th} percentiles were determined as statistically not significant at Preila and Rugsteliskes sites during the 1994hbox{–}2004 period. Trends in the ozone concentration and its percentiles in the air masses arriving to Preila station in “polluted” and “unpolluted” sectors have been examined. Statistically significant changes in the ozone annual mean and 25th percentile were found in air masses in both “polluted” and “unpolluted” sectors in the 1988hbox{–}2002 period. The trend analysis in the ozone monthly mean and percentiles for each month of the year revealed the main changes in the ozone level in both sectors during January-May. Insignificant downward trends in monthly 95th percentile in “unpolluted” sector and upward trends in “polluted” sector were found during summer months. Values of AOT40 for the protection of forests as well as crops and semi-natural vegetation were determined during the 1994–2004 period. The estimated AOT40 values for the protection of forests were lower than the critical level at Lithuanian rural sites but AOT40 values for the protection of crops and semi-natural vegetation were found to be higher than the critical level at both sites.     

Annual and seasonal trends of ambient ozone concentration and its impact on forest vegetation in Mercantour National Park (South-eastern France) over the 2000-2008 period

In the South-Eastern French Mediterranean region, high ozone concentrations were measured since many years and specific symptoms like chlorotic mottles were detected on Arolla pines. We presented results for the 2000-2008 period concerning the trend analysis for ambient ozone concentrations and related forest damages, with the Mann and seasonal Kendall tests. Ozone precursor’s emissions from Europe have been reduced over the last 20 years. Decreases in annual averages, median, 25th and 98th percentiles and maxima values were found. The seasonal trend analysis for the high-lying stations showed a decreasing trend for the warm season, when main ozone production is the photochemistry, and an increase for the cold period, caused by a reduced ozone titration. Statistics on Arolla Pine reveal strong correlations between mottling intensity and the high ozone concentrations. Finally, decreases for the ozone concentrations, and associated statistics, AOT40 values and for the mottling intensity on conifers needles were observed.     

民国初年灾荒史研究综述

自民国迄今，一些政治家、思想家及学者分别从自然科学角度和社会历史角度对民国初年灾荒史予以诠释，依时间而言主要集中于20世纪80年代以后，依内容而言又呈现出一种多元化的态势．其间，虽然取得了一定的成就，诸如积累了一些资料、研究内容多样化等，但仍存在着一些不足。     

湖南骑田岭岩体北东部角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩的40Ar-39Ar定年及其意义

对骑田岭岩体主体仰天湖单元粗中粒斑状角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩进行了黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄测定,获得坪年龄为(155.1±1.8)Ma,等时线年龄为(154.7±1.8)Ma.该年龄样品提高了骑田岭岩体形成时代的面上控制程度,与前人有关高精度年代资料一起说明骑田岭序列为中侏罗世末-晚侏罗世初形成的大岩基,基本排除其内部有其它时代成分的可能.结合骑田岭地区锡矿与花岗岩的关系,认为江口一带具有寻找锡矿的前景.